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Maritime safety and environmental risk by OladokunBY: OLADOKUN | Category: Education | Post Date: 2008-12-21
On pollution, in Dr. Sylvia, a renowned oceanographers word -It does not matter where on Earth you live; everyone is utterly dependent on the existence of that lovely, living saltwater soup. There's plenty of water in the universe without life, but nowhere is there life without water. The living ocean drives planetary chemistry, governs climate and weather, and otherwise provides the cornerstone of the life-support system for all creatures on our planet, from deep-sea starfish to desert sagebrush. That's why the ocean matters. If the sea is sick, we'll feel it. If it dies, we die. Our future and the state of the oceans are one [31]. According to the United Nations, human benefit from marine and coastal ecosystem and activities: Coastal tourism =161 billion American dollars, Trade and shipping =155 billion American dollars, Offshore oil and gas = 132 billion American dollars, Fisheries = 80 billion American dollars. Therefore, it is important to be careful and maintain balance in dealing our activities. The popular media attention is concentrated on loss of life and property. There is little prospect for preventing many of the disasters from occurring although much could be done to reduce their severity. Many impacts could be mitigated through better vulnerability and risk assessment, predictive modeling, information dissemination, and policy development [32]. Wide variety of human activities can affect the coastal and marine environment. Population pressure, increasing demands for space, competition over resources, and poor economic performances can all undermine the sustainable use of our oceans and coastal areas. Key areas of marine asctiviries are : Marine trnasportatuon - cioastal shiping , transportation of people both inland andoverseas International shipping Cruise shipping Fishing Marine farming Continenetal shelf operation- rig operation , supply services, pipeline laying,underwater activities Science and survey These activities provide positive attribute as highled below, however they also have enegative effects whih is best deal with at design and operation stage.such effect could be under: Harm to human beings- injuries and fatalities Evivironmetal pollution Economic losses- damage or loss of vessel, and cargo, lost of income etc.. Main source of marine pollution: I- Oil Pollution, Toxic Contaminants, Marine Debris, Mining and Dumping. II- Nonpoint form Pollution, Sewage, Alien Species, and Watershed Issues. Main source from ships is in form of: I. Operational - Socio - economic impacts to marine ecology, habitat, and coastal infrastructures are affected though operational activities that results from: Oil spill and bunkering fuel, , emission Sox, NOx, CFC &VOC, antifouling toxins, noise and vibration, ballast water, garbage, contamination, dredging waste disposal activities. II Accidental risk - marine accident that could result to oil spills which then, end up degrading our environment , GSAMP estimated that about 400-300 thousands of oil entered the world ocean, collision with marine mammal, which then cause propeller injuries, grounding ,stranding, loss of oil, hazardous cargo, noxious liquid, noise. [33]. Discharge could also be: I Intentional and unintentional discharge (oil, garbage, antifouling paint, air emission, on indigenous species from ballast water), Environmental damage and pollution due to port activities, Disturbance of marine environmental (collision and noise), Emission from scraping of ships at the end of their life cycle. II Direct Discharges -Direct discharges are defined here to include releases from vessels, discharges of municipal and industrial wastewater via pipelines, and dumping of waste materials, such as dredged material, into ocean waters. III Indirect discharge- Impacts : Habitat destruction , loss of wetlands, tourism and recreation, deforestation, fresh water Alterations, fishing issues ( overview), over fishing, , ecosystem changes, bombs, poison, scrapes, by catch, global change climate change, ozone depletion, coastal development, population. The most serious problems affecting the quality and use of these ecosystems surrounding coastal water encompass release to: 1. Water - pollution release directly or washed downed through ground water 2. Air- air émission, noise population, vibration 3. Soil- dredge disposal and contaminated sediments 4. Flood risk - biochemical reaction of pollution elements with water. 5. Collision - operational 6. Biodiversification - endangered and threatened species, habitat One to two-thirds of pollutants contributing to the degradation of coastal and marine waters are from indirect sources, and include sediments, nutrients, pathogens, and toxic compounds. Risk associated with environmental issue and ship, in the context of ship design have impacts related to areas of shipping trends, channel design criteria, ship maneuverability, ship controllability, and use of simulators in channel Studies. Since world II many nations built port but forget about maintaining them while shipyard continues to build larger ships. Physical dimension and ratio of ships to channel has got impact in today's ship controllability design. Release described in various category above end up in the 3 main planetary elements - water , air, soil. 2.71 Release to water - Release to water involve land-based water pollution, ship water pollution, oil pollution, landscaping/beautification, habitat, ship/port generated, this include Effect from industry and household that run of into the river from sources like Oil pollution, Chemical pollution, Harmful substances in package form, Sewage, Ballast water, Garbage, emission, Dumping of wastes liquid, solid). Container and cruise ships are allowed to dump anything (sewage, dirty gray water, and garbage directly overboard. [34] Within ocean and coast line, raw sewage can be dumped beyond four miles of shore. Ships have pay fine illegally discharging oil water into the ocean and intentionally disabling filters designed to separate oil from water. _ a single cruise ship on a one-week voyage discharges: 50 tons of garbage - 1 million gallons of gray water (wastewater from sinks, showers, galleys and laundry) - 210,000 gallons of sewage, - 35,000 gallons of oil-contaminated water - unknown volumes of hazardous waste. 2.7.2 Releases to Air-Air pollution including emission noise population, vibration from shipping contributes significantly to the concentrations and fallout of harmful air pollutant. Recent face off against a new discovered nuisance has lead to technical solutions by which these pollutants could be cut by as much as 80-90 per cent, and very cost-effectively compared with what would have to be done to achieve similar results by taking further measures on land-based sources. Such reductions are needed for protecting health and the environment, and for shipping to develop into a more sustainable mode of transport. While pollutant emissions from land-based sources are gradually coming down, those from shipping show a continuous increase. Even after accounting for enforcement of MARPOL Annex VI, which sets limits on, the sulphur content of marine fuels for the Baltic Sea, the North Sea and the English Channel, emissions of SO2 from international shipping are expected to increase by more than 42 per cent by 2020, and those of NOx by two thirds. In both cases, by 2020 the emissions from international shipping around Europe will have surpassed the total from all land-based sources in the 25 member states combined.[35], a green gas study the data's shown in table 2.2 show current performance of new and retrofitting technology war being waged against this threat NOx PM FC COx Sox % % % % % After treatment SCR (Selected catalytic reduction) -81 -35 -7.5 -7.5 -7.5 PMF (Particulate matter filter) None -85 2 2 2 Drive management systems ATM (Advising tempomaat) -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 Diesel fuel quality / substitutes (BD) Bio - Diesel -10 -30 15 65 ~-100 BDB (Biodiesel blend , 20%BD) 2 -6 3 -13 ~-20 LSF (Low sulfur fuel) None -1.7 none none ~-100 New engine technology NGE(Natural Gas Engine) -98.5 -97.5 4.5 -10 -100 Table 2.2 - Emission reduction potential Source: [35] 2.7.3 Release to Soil- dredge disposal and contaminated sediments- According to UNEP report maintenance of navigation channel remains one sensitive area of environmental degradation see fig. Concern for environmental thematic problem makes this research to investigate This is important feature since harbor waters and sediments are heavily polluted worldwide- containing high levels of a range of chemicals. The sources of pollution are multiple, and, in many cases, linked to the harbor activity. TBT (tributyltin), is a compound used as antifoulant that has been recognized as a harmful pollutant and whose use has been restricted at the international level. However, the problems caused by TBT will continue for many years, since TBT is kept stored in the harbor sediments. The main source of TBT to marine waters is the direct release from surfaces treated with antifouling paints containing TBT and other organotin compounds. They have been used in order to prevent the attachment of aquatic organisms on the hull of ships or other devices that are immersed in the sea, such as the cages used for fish-farms. Paints incorporating TBT are regarded as the most effective antifoulants ever devised (Evans, 2000), giving rise to important economic benefits. Their use reduces the fuel consumption of the vessels (and thus reduces CO2 emissions), ships can go faster, and repainting costs are lower. Little is still known of the effects on marine organisms of dredging operations contaminated sediments, and the need of research on this issue is often claimed (Ten Hallers-Tjabbes et al., 1994). Although the case study of this work will not discussion on the permission land disposal which is a responsibility of the regional or local environmental authorities). 2.7.4 Flood risk Flooding and lack of high water protection system for inland water transportation system can lead to significant property and business interruption losses. Damaging flood events can develop from prolonged frontal weather systems affecting small local areas events affecting the coastline and inland regions of exposed coastlines. A good river and coastal zone management including river erosion control and nature conservation and restoration is necessary for inland water transport. Flood mitigation work could be model for navigation improvement measures necessary to increase the depth of flow during low flow conditions or decrease the radius of the curvature of the fairway which entail modification of the river bed with local impact on both the hydraulics and sediment transport and with a potential for triggering overall morphological changes to the river. DHI's river morphological models MIKE 21C and MIKE 11 is a good computer model that can be used to model flood prediction and remediation. 2.75 Accidental risk According to marine department report, the straight of Malacca remain one big risk navigation area, risk involved include collation , stranding and grounding of shops whose consequence are environmental short time and long term environmental degradation. The situation is partly caused by size of vessels being built today and operational requirements not being met or targeted by port. However to minimize and control the risk to marine environment, associated because of this risk like other risks need to be emanated or reduced and there is need to monitored size of ship joining the world fleet Vessels with the size and condition of maintenance of channel they will ply. INTERTANKO report in 1996 on the same issue regarding water transpiration stresses the same. Also a risk assessment studies carried out by Norske Veritas for various navigation water ways put present the Strait of Malacca is one of the high areas of the world.( See figure 2.1) Figure 2.1- Risk in the straight of Malacca Source: Marine department Ships and shipping remains a very important instrument to mobility, if ships could no longer transit our waterways, we will experience shortages of power, heat and food in days or weeks at the outside. Recent years have seen economic of scale due to improved trade, the significance of these trends is that more, larger ships will continue to use our waterways for the foreseeable future. But there are limits on size of ship that a channel can accommodate, and means of determining when special measures must be imposed on handling ships in order to ensure the continued safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly use of our channel. Maritime safety and environmental risk Article Source: http://www.saching.com About Author / Additional Info: Additional Articles: * Saree - Indian ethnic outfit for women. How to Dress in a Sari? * Flowers represent joy and happiness of your life. * Chatting on Internet - Be Careful! * Friendship: Value of having good friends * Should you do Aerobic Exercises or Anaerobic Exercises? Does this article violate or infringe on your copyright ? It is a violation of our terms for authors to submit content which they did not write and claim it as their own. 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